Hooliganism

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"Hooligan" redirects here. For hooliganism in the context of football (soccer), see Football (soccer) hooliganism. For other uses, see Hooligan (disambiguation).
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Hooliganism is unruly and destructive behavior.

Such behavior is commonly associated with sports fans, particularly supporters of professional football and university sports. In some countries, the hooligan elements of a group of supporters are known as Category C. The term can also apply to general rowdy behaviour and vandalism, often under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The term has been used since at least the 1890s, to describe the behavior of street gangs.

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[edit] Origin of the word

The first use of the term is unknown, but it appeared in an 1898 London police report. One theory is that the word came from the name of an Irish hoodlum from Southwark, London named Patrick Hooligan. Another theory is that it came from a street gang in Islington named Hooley. A third theory is that it's based on an Irish word, Hooley, which means a wild, spirited party.[1]

[edit] Hooliganism in Italy

On Friday February 2, 2007, Italian football fans rioted outside the Catania-Palermo match and killed a police officer. As a result, the Italian governement cancelled all football matches. See 2007 Catania football violence.

[edit] Hooliganism laws in the Soviet Union and Russia

In the Soviet Union, hooliganism (хулиганство) was made a criminal offence under the penal codes of the Soviet republics. Article 216 of the penal code defined hooliganism as "any deliberate behaviour which violates public order and expresses explicit disrespect towards the society." This article was used to cover a wide range of behaviors, such as vagrancy, stalking and foul language. This law was often used by Soviet authorities against political dissidents.

Hooliganism is still covered under the criminal and administrative codes of Russia, and is applicable to persons at least 16 years old. Hooliganism is graded into Malicious hooliganism(злостное хулиганство), hooliganism(хулиганство), and Petty hooliganism(мелкое хулиганство).

Petty hooliganism is "subject to administrative proceedings" (roughly equivalent to application of the civil law) and classified as roughly equivalent to an infraction). It is mostly applied to minor street disorders and fighting by urban youth. Malicious hooliganism is defined as being committed "with extraordinary cynicism, with resistance to law enforcement, with usage of arms or attempt thereof, or committed by a recidivist."[2]

[edit] Hooliganism laws in Iran

In Iran, hooliganism — including football hooliganism — is punishable by a prison sentence or death. According to the Students Movements Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran (SMCCDI), four Esfahan residents were executed by hanging for their part in October 2001 riots. The four were accused of banditry, hooliganism and aggression after clashing with police. Hundreds of youths had taken to the streets following the Iranian national football team's loss in a World Cup qualifying match. Fans shouting "Death to the Islamic Republic" tore down street decorations put up to welcome Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who was to visit the city the following day.[citation needed]

[edit] Hooliganism in Argentina

Most sports-related hooliganism in Argentina is associated with football, but many times it is linked to other sports, such as rugby and basketball. In most stadiums in South America, there are sections behind the goals which have no seats, just steps (terraces). Most hooligans and fans bring flags, fireworks, and small pieces of paper that they throw when their team comes out to the field. Many times when teams lose decisive matches, fans get violent and fight the police and other supporters. They are called 'Barras Bravas' (Hard People)

[edit] Hooliganism in the United States and Canada

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There have been many incidents of sports-related violence in North America, although they do not seem to emulate the team-based rivalries found in other parts of the world. The incidents often involve a breakdown of order following a significant victory or defeat. Some of the more famous examples of fan violence include:

  • A riot in Montreal, Quebec followed the suspension of ice hockey player Maurice Richard in 1955. The incident is known as the Richard Riot.
  • The 1974 Ten Cent Beer Night at a baseball game at Cleveland Stadium which caused the Cleveland Indians to forfeit to the Texas Rangers after some of the drunken fans started a riot.
  • Disco Demolition Night started out as a tongue-in-cheek effigy burning of disco records between doubleheader games involving the Chicago White Sox and Detroit Tigers on July 12, 1979. The event turned into a riot, although no major damage was caused. The White Sox were forced to forfeit the second game.
  • A victory celebration in Detroit, Michigan after the 1990 NBA Finals degenerated into a riot that left 7 dead.
  • Three people died in a riot in Chicago, Illinois after the Chicago Bulls won the 1993 NBA championship.
  • The 1994 Stanley Cup riot occurred in Downtown Vancouver, Canada, on the evening of June 14, 1994 and continued into the following morning. The riot arose from the result of Game 7 of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals in which the Vancouver Canucks lost to the New York Rangers.
  • New York Rangers fans who sat in the famed blue seats in the 1970s and 1980s at Madison Square Garden were notorious for their excesses in terms of salty language, physicality, and alcohol. It was not an uncommon site for Rangers fans to set fire to the jerseys of opposing fans of local rivals the Boston Bruins, Philadelphia Flyers, New Jersey Devils, and the New York Islanders. Fights in the stands when these teams and their fans visiting MSG were numerous, and well documented in the local papers at the time. Rangers and Islanders fans even had a mass brawl in the bleachers of Shea Stadium during a New York Mets baseball game after a bitter playoff series between the two teams.
  • In 2001, fans of the Cleveland Browns pelted officials with plastic beer bottles, among other things, after a perceived bad call was made in a December 16th game against the Jacksonville Jaguars.[3] A day later, on Monday Night Football, New Orleans Saints fans threw beer bottles at officials after a controvertially-called game against the St. Louis Rams.[4] This has led to some stadiums banning bottled beer sales, and many others banning beer sales at the end of the third quarter of games.
  • In 2001, fans of the University of Maryland men's basketball team rioted after a Final Four loss to ACC rival Duke.
  • The following day, fans of the Purdue women's basketball team rioted after the Boilermakers lost to Notre Dame.
  • Though no major incidents have occurred, the intense rivalry between the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees has created volatile environments for fans and players. The worst conflict occurred when members of the Yankee bullpen were involved in a fight with a member of the Fenway Park grounds crew inside the visitors bullpen during the 2003 ALCS. Two Yankee players were charged in the incident, although the charges were dropped. The fans of the two teams are always fighting, both verbally, and physically. The bleachers at both Yankee Stadium and Fenway park can create a very favorable environment for fights when the teams play each other, especially when they meet during the playoffs.
  • September 20, 2003: A San Francisco Giants fan in the Dodger Stadium parking lot shot a Los Angeles Dodgers fan. "Apparently we have multiple suspects who are Giants fans who got into an argument with a Dodger fan," Officer Adriana Sanchez, a police spokeswoman said.
  • On December 23, 2003, The Islanders held a promotion which invited fans to dress up as Santa Claus for free admission to the game against the Philadelphia Flyers. The fans were permitted to parade across the ice between periods, along with the almost one thousand other Santa-fans. Several santas removed their red jackets to reveal the famed blue jerseys of their hated rival Rangers, thus resulting in fans of the Rangers, Islanders, and Flyers fighting each other.
  • In Boston, Massachusetts, a wild victory celebration in the streets outside Fenway Park after the Red Sox won the 2004 ALCS led to the death of Victoria Snelgrove by riot police. Snelgrove's death was caused by a "non-lethal" projectile (a pepper spray pellet fired from an FN 303).
  • At an NBA game in Detroit on November 19, 2004, Indiana Pacers player Ron Artest stormed into the stands to chase after a fan who threw a cup at his head. This caused the game to be stopped with 45.7 seconds remaining. Artest was suspended by the NBA for the remainder of the season (73 games), and other Pacers players faced lesser suspensions and legal charges. The incident was dubbed the Malice at the Palace.
  • Fans of the Philadelphia Eagles have a widespread reputation for excessive and sometimes-violent behavior. In 1997, a small municipal courthouse and jail were established in Veterans Stadium (the Eagles' previous home field), to deal with fans who commit breaches of the peace during Eagles' home games. When the Lincoln Financial Field (the team's current stadium) opened in 2003, it was equipped with similar facilities. This, along with increased patrols by plainclothes police officers, has greatly reduced incidents of fan violence at Eagles' games. Traveling Eagles fans also got into an incident during a September 16, 2002 Monday Night Football game against the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field. A fight with Redskins fans resulted in police using tear gas to control the crowd.
  • There is a jail on the grounds of NASCAR's Darlington Speedway in Darlington, South Carolina
  • Fans of the Oakland Raiders, San Francisco 49ers, New York Jets, Cleveland Browns (see Dawg Pound), New England Patriots and Washington Redskins have a reputation for excessive behavior at football games.[citation needed]
  • Fans of Western Carolina University men's basketball team have used the term Hunter's Hooligans for many years in support of Larry Hunter.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ hooley or hoolie a party, esp. a wild or lively one. Anglo-Irish slang. Perhaps a variant of the Gaelic ceilidh -Rosalind Fergusson, Shorter Slang Dictionary (New York: Routledge, 1994) 113
  2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2035137.stm
  3. ^ http://espn.go.com/nfl/news/2001/1217/1297158.html
  4. ^ http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3469/is_53_52/ai_82016151

[edit] See also

[edit] Media

Hooliganism Music Video [Hooliganism - tell me[1]]

[edit] Books

  • Among the Thugs
  • Red Army General: Leading Britain's Biggest Hooligan Gang
  • Scally: Confessions Of A Category C Football Hooligan
  • Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score (Explorations in Anthropology S.)
  • The Family Game: The Untold Story of Hooliganism in Rugby League
  • Fighting Fans: Football Hooliganism as a World Phenomenon
  • Hooliganism: Crime, Culture and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900-14
  • Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context
  • Barmy Army: The Changing Face of Football Violence
  • The Roots of Football Hooliganism
  • Understanding Soccer Hooliganism
  • Bloody Casuals: Diary of a Football Hooligan
  • Naughty: The Story of a Football Hooligan Gang
  • The Frontline
  • City Psychos: From the Monte Carlo Mob to the Silver Cod Squad
  • Rolling with the 6.57 Crew: The True Story of Pompey's Legendary Football Fans
  • Hooligan Wars: Causes and Effects of Football Violence
  • Terrace Legends
  • Congratulations, You have just met the I.C.F.
  • Flying With the Owls Crime Squad

[edit] Documentaries and films

  • The Firm
  • The Football Factory
  • Green Street, 2005 film starring Elijah Wood and Charlie Hunnam
  • Hooligans & Thugs: Soccer's Most Violent Fan Fights, [2]
  • I.D.
  • Klatka
  • Proč?
  • Trouble On The Terraces
  • Ultra, a 1991 Italian language film that follows a group of AS Roma fans
  • Hooligans: No one likes us and we don't care

[edit] External links

[3]

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